作者：張冀（對外經濟貿易大學北京對外開放研究院研究員）；孫艷梅（對外經濟貿易大學北京對外開放研究院研究員）

　　2023年中央經濟工作會議再次提出要“擴大中等收入群體規模”。收入中等收入群體正引領中國消費市場實現“增量創新”，群體也是比重我國經濟增長方式轉型的加速器和穩定器。但與發達國家相比，收入我國中等收入群體比重仍偏低。群體擴大中等收入群體比重不僅是比重百姓彩票最新網址經濟問(wen)題，更(geng)是(shi)收入社會問(wen)題。

　　中等收入群體是群體消費的主力，擴大中等收入群體有助于提振內需，比重加快經濟增長方式的收入轉變，促進經濟高質量發展。群體中等收入群體對社會物質和精神生活的比重百姓彩票發展起著重要引領作用。一方面，收入中等收入群體的群體需求是物質生活水平提高的主要推手。中等收入群體的比重物質生活需求構成了社會總需求的重要部分，其較高的購買力催生了更高品質以及更多樣化的需求，有助于從需求端引領多層次消費體系的發展，促進物質生活條件的極大改善；另一方面，中等收入群體對教育、文化等的追求是精神文明發展的動力。擴大中等收入群體，既能夠提振發展型需求，促進教育事業的百姓彩票網發(fa)展，又(you)能夠推動享受型消費，促進文化(hua)生活的豐(feng)富。

　　增(zeng)加收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)是擴(kuo)大中等收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群(qun)體比(bi)重的(de)(de)基(ji)礎性(xing)(xing)路徑。居(ju)民(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)主要來源于工資性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)、經(jing)營性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)、財(cai)產性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)和轉(zhuan)移性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)。工資性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)在中低收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群(qun)體收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)結構中扮(ban)演著至(zhi)關重要的(de)(de)角(jiao)色。一方(fang)面，智力(li)勞動和體力(li)勞動是中低收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群(qun)體的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)重要收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)來源，直接影(ying)響(xiang)居(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)生活水平(ping)。另(ling)一方(fang)面，我(wo)國低收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)人(ren)群(qun)占比(bi)較高，工資性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)在社會公平(ping)和居(ju)民(min)福祉方(fang)面有(you)著不可替代的(de)(de)重要性(xing)(xing)。穩(wen)增(zeng)長、穩(wen)預(yu)期和穩(wen)就(jiu)業是穩(wen)定和提高居(ju)民(min)工資性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)主要渠道。因此，積極(ji)的(de)(de)財(cai)政(zheng)政(zheng)策(ce)、重大工程的(de)(de)實施以及多項穩(wen)就(jiu)業政(zheng)策(ce)是提高居(ju)民(min)工資性(xing)(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)最(zui)(zui)重要的(de)(de)保(bao)障(zhang)。

　　經(jing)營性收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)是小微企業、個體(ti)(ti)工商戶的(de)(de)主要(yao)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)來源。普(pu)惠金融(rong)和減稅降費政策不僅可以(yi)(yi)有效(xiao)解決融(rong)資難、融(rong)資貴的(de)(de)問題，還(huan)可以(yi)(yi)進一(yi)步緩解小微企業、個體(ti)(ti)工商戶經(jing)營壓力，提高家(jia)庭經(jing)營性收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)。財(cai)產性收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)是中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)來源之一(yi)，也是優化收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)結(jie)構的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)路徑。當前，我國中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群體(ti)(ti)對工資性收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)依賴過高，而其財(cai)產性凈(jing)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)占比約為(wei)9.1%，即使北(bei)京、上海(hai)等(deng)經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)達地(di)區居民財(cai)產凈(jing)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)比重(zhong)也僅為(wei)16%和13.5%，遠低于發(fa)(fa)達國家(jia)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)比重(zhong)，中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)結(jie)構亟待優化。

　　盡管增(zeng)加(jia)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)是(shi)(shi)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)基礎性因素，但居(ju)(ju)民收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)差(cha)距過大(da)(da)是(shi)(shi)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)規模的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)障礙。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式現代(dai)化進(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)，不僅要(yao)擴(kuo)增(zeng)量“做大(da)(da)蛋糕”，更要(yao)調存量“分(fen)好蛋糕”。收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)制度(du)(du)(du)(du)作為我國(guo)社會主義市(shi)場(chang)(chang)經濟體(ti)制的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)，是(shi)(shi)調節(jie)居(ju)(ju)民收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)差(cha)距和擴(kuo)大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)工(gong)具。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)“提低(di)(di)”，即(ji)增(zeng)加(jia)初次分(fen)配(pei)(pei)的(de)(de)(de)效率和公平性，增(zeng)加(jia)低(di)(di)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)，推動(dong)更多低(di)(di)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)進(jin)入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)“限(xian)高”，即(ji)瞄準高收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)，通(tong)過完善要(yao)素分(fen)配(pei)(pei)政(zheng)策、稅收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)政(zheng)策、社會保(bao)障制度(du)(du)(du)(du)將高收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)財富(fu)“轉(zhuan)移”一(yi)部分(fen)給低(di)(di)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)群體(ti)，比(bi)如(ru)通(tong)過初次分(fen)配(pei)(pei)解決壟(long)斷造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)資失衡(heng)、勞動(dong)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)分(fen)割和行政(zheng)阻礙、資本市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)壟(long)斷和信(xin)息不對稱、土地(di)制度(du)(du)(du)(du)改革(ge)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和土地(di)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)流轉(zhuan)發展程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)等(deng)問題。

　　盡管擴增量(liang)和調存量(liang)是(shi)擴充中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)路徑，然而，還存在中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)返貧(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險，因(yin)此降(jiang)低(di)家庭(ting)風(feng)(feng)險是(shi)擴大(da)(da)中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)保(bao)障。影響家庭(ting)經濟風(feng)(feng)險的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素(su)有很多(duo)(duo)，既有外(wai)部因(yin)素(su)，也有家庭(ting)內部因(yin)素(su)，如健康、養(yang)老(lao)，因(yin)此，降(jiang)低(di)家庭(ting)經濟風(feng)(feng)險是(shi)一個系統工程(cheng)，需(xu)要(yao)從多(duo)(duo)方法(fa)、多(duo)(duo)維(wei)度協同配(pei)合。首(shou)先，進一步強化(hua)(hua)財政政策的(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效(xiao)應，加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)重(zhong)大(da)(da)項目、重(zhong)大(da)(da)工程(cheng)對勞動力(li)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸納力(li)度，穩步提高就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)率。加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)培訓，強化(hua)(hua)崗位匹配(pei)，有利于穩定中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)群(qun)(qun)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)持續期(qi)，降(jiang)低(di)其(qi)退(tui)出風(feng)(feng)險。其(qi)次，借助大(da)(da)數(shu)據(ju)分析方法(fa)，有效(xiao)銜接社會保(bao)障和商業(ye)(ye)(ye)保(bao)障，打通兩(liang)者之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)“堰塞湖”，降(jiang)低(di)家庭(ting)醫療、養(yang)老(lao)自(zi)付支出。第三，多(duo)(duo)渠道增加(jia)(jia)居民收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)，提高中等(deng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)家庭(ting)抗(kang)風(feng)(feng)險能力(li)，尤其(qi)是(shi)增加(jia)(jia)居民財產(chan)性收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)在總收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)，降(jiang)低(di)對工資性收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過度依賴。