全面推進鄉村振興是提升新時代建設農業強國的重要任務，發展鄉村產業是鄉村鄉村全面振興的重要根基。2023年底召開的產業中央農村工作會議提出“精準務實培育鄉村產業”。2024年中央一號文件強調“提升鄉村產業發展水平”。發展近年來，水平我國持續強化農業基礎地位，提升立足特(te)(te)色資源，鄉(xiang)村發展優勢產(chan)業(ye)，產(chan)業(ye)推(tui)動鄉(xiang)村產(chan)業(ye)高(gao)質量(liang)發展。發展本期特(te)(te)邀專家圍繞相關問題(ti)進行(xing)研(yan)討(tao)。水平(ping)

　　鄉村產業步入發展快車道

　　目前，提升我國鄉村產業發展狀況和趨勢如何？提升鄉村產業發展水平、鄉村促進農民增收從哪些方面著力？

　　張照新（農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)部(bu)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)經濟研究中(zhong)心研究員）：為促(cu)進(jin)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)經濟增長(chang)，產業(ye)(ye)(ye)我國(guo)大力發展(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)及相關產業(ye)(ye)(ye)，發展(zhan)(zhan)從發展(zhan)(zhan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮企業(ye)(ye)(ye)、水(shui)平(ping)(ping)提出(chu)并(bing)推動農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)經營到(dao)促(cu)進(jin)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)一(yi)(yi)二(er)三(san)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)融合發展(zhan)(zhan)，可以看出(chu)壯大鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)經濟、推進(jin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)的思路一(yi)(yi)脈相承。隨著鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興戰略的實施，鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)入加(jia)速發展(zhan)(zhan)時期(qi)。2019年《國(guo)務(wu)院關于促(cu)進(jin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)振(zhen)(zhen)興的指導意見》提出(chu)做強(qiang)現代種(zhong)養業(ye)(ye)(ye)、做精鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)土特(te)色產業(ye)(ye)(ye)、提升農(nong)產品加(jia)工流通業(ye)(ye)(ye)、優化(hua)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)休閑旅游(you)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、培育(yu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)新型服務(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、發展(zhan)(zhan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)信息產業(ye)(ye)(ye)六項任務(wu)。2024年中(zhong)央一(yi)(yi)號文(wen)件(jian)強(qiang)調“提升鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)”，對促(cu)進(jin)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)一(yi)(yi)二(er)三(san)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)融合發展(zhan)(zhan)等作出(chu)部(bu)署。

　　在市場、政策和(he)科技(ji)等因素驅動(dong)下，鄉村產(chan)(chan)業(ye)步入發展(zhan)快(kuai)車道(dao)，農(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈供應鏈現代化水平(ping)不斷提高，農(nong)文旅融合加速推進(jin)，農(nong)村創(chuang)新創(chuang)業(ye)如火如荼。2022年，我國農(nong)業(ye)及相關產(chan)(chan)業(ye)增加值超19萬(wan)億元，規模以上農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品加工企業(ye)營業(ye)收入超19萬(wan)億元。2023年農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品網(wang)絡(luo)零售額0.59萬(wan)億元。

　　目前，我國鄉村產業呈現融合化、集群化、綠色化和數字化發展趨勢。一是鄉村多業態快速發展。在農業產業加速轉型升級的同時，農產品加工流通、鄉村旅游和休閑農業快速發展，各地還大力發展各類民間工藝品產業，為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)勞動(dong)力提(ti)供更多就業(ye)(ye)(ye)機會(hui)。二是(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)實現(xian)(xian)融(rong)(rong)合(he)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)旅游(you)、特(te)色(se)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)相(xiang)互融(rong)(rong)合(he)、互促共(gong)進(jin)，家庭(ting)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)場、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)作社、各類鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)不斷(duan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)壯大。外出農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民返鄉(xiang)(xiang)、大中專(zhuan)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)和退伍軍人回(hui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、城市工商(shang)資本(ben)下鄉(xiang)(xiang)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)創新(xin)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)蓬(peng)勃發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)產權制度改革深化(hua)(hua)(hua)，一批新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)經(jing)濟組織(zhi)成(cheng)為(wei)促進(jin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的重(zhong)要力量。三是(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)實現(xian)(xian)集(ji)(ji)(ji)群化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。近年來，各地(di)著(zhu)(zhu)力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)園和產業(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)群，推動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)規模化(hua)(hua)(hua)、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)布局，加(jia)快(kuai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)群化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。2023年，我國現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區(qu)建設提(ti)檔(dang)升(sheng)級，新(xin)建50個國家現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)園、40個優勢特(te)色(se)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)群、200個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)強鎮，創建100個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)示(shi)范區(qu)。四是(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)綠(lv)色(se)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉型(xing)加(jia)快(kuai)。隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)理念深入(ru)貫(guan)徹落實，節水(shui)、節肥、節藥、節能、減排等清潔生(sheng)產、低碳生(sheng)產模式在(zai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)大范圍推廣，加(jia)快(kuai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)綠(lv)色(se)化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉型(xing)。與此同時，鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)信息(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)水(shui)平不斷(duan)提(ti)高(gao)，數字(zi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建設步伐加(jia)快(kuai)，智慧農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)探(tan)索競相(xiang)展(zhan)(zhan)開(kai)，數字(zi)經(jing)濟新(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)態不斷(duan)涌(yong)現(xian)(xian)，2023年農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)網絡零售(shou)額(e)達2.49萬(wan)億元。

　　2023年(nian)底召(zhao)開的中央(yang)農村工作會議(yi)提出“精(jing)準務(wu)實培育(yu)鄉村產業”。落(luo)實中央(yang)精(jing)神，應從(cong)以下方面提升鄉村產業發展(zhan)水平(ping)，增強(qiang)其對(dui)農民增收(shou)的促進作用。

　　以產業園區和產業集群為平臺推動鄉村產業發展。建(jian)設(she)優(you)勢特色(se)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)是促進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)全面振興的重要(yao)途(tu)徑(jing)。近年(nian)來，在各地和相(xiang)關部門的支持下，現代農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)科技園(yuan)(yuan)、一(yi)二三(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)融合(he)(he)發展示范(fan)園(yuan)(yuan)等一(yi)批產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)區加快發展，形成相(xiang)關產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)，成為鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)要(yao)素集(ji)(ji)聚的重要(yao)載體(ti)。今后要(yao)繼續加強(qiang)現代農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)、優(you)勢特色(se)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)強(qiang)鎮(zhen)等平臺(tai)載體(ti)建(jian)設(she)，集(ji)(ji)成政策、集(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)要(yao)素、集(ji)(ji)中服務(wu)，通過這(zhe)些平臺(tai)載體(ti)促進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)提檔(dang)升級、提質增(zeng)效。

　　以提(ti)升縣(xian)(xian)城綜(zong)合承載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力促進縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)統(tong)籌。縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)是鄉村產(chan)業振(zhen)興的(de)主戰場，要統(tong)籌新型(xing)城鎮化和(he)鄉村全面振(zhen)興，提(ti)升縣(xian)(xian)城綜(zong)合承載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和(he)治理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，不斷(duan)增強(qiang)縣(xian)(xian)城對鄉村的(de)帶動(dong)和(he)輻射(she)作(zuo)用，促進縣(xian)(xian)鎮村聯動(dong)發展(zhan)。具體來(lai)說，縣(xian)(xian)城要健全產(chan)品研發、質量檢測(ce)、物流(liu)配(pei)送(song)、金融保險等(deng)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，強(qiang)化對鄉村生(sheng)產(chan)基地的(de)科技指導、人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)訓等(deng)服務，健全分(fen)工(gong)合作(zuo)，形成有效銜接，增強(qiang)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)經(jing)濟發展(zhan)動(dong)力。

　　以完(wan)(wan)善聯農(nong)(nong)(nong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機制為關鍵，發揮鄉村產(chan)業(ye)(ye)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)就業(ye)(ye)促增收功(gong)能(neng)。促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)民增收是“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)”工作的(de)中心(xin)任(ren)務，完(wan)(wan)善聯農(nong)(nong)(nong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)機制，一方面(mian)，繼(ji)續大力發展農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)社會(hui)化服務，提升(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民專業(ye)(ye)合作社規范化水平，通過服務賦能(neng)、組織賦能(neng)，增強農(nong)(nong)(nong)民自我發展能(neng)力；另一方面(mian)，鼓勵涉農(nong)(nong)(nong)企業(ye)(ye)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)實現(xian)優勢互補、分工合作，完(wan)(wan)善利益聯結(jie)機制，讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)民更(geng)多分享產(chan)業(ye)(ye)增值收益。此(ci)外，還要進一步完(wan)(wan)善支農(nong)(nong)(nong)政策，把扶持政策與帶(dai)(dai)(dai)動農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)增收掛鉤，提高涉農(nong)(nong)(nong)企業(ye)(ye)聯農(nong)(nong)(nong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)的(de)積極性和主動性。

　　依托資源稟賦興產業促增收

　　在培育壯大鄉村產業方面，各地進行了哪些實踐探索？

　　呂之望（中國農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大學國家(jia)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)發展(zhan)研究院研究員）：產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)振(zhen)興是鄉村(cun)全面振(zhen)興的重中之重，培育(yu)壯大鄉村(cun)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，各地立(li)足自身資源(yuan)優勢，堅持產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)興農(nong)、質(zhi)量興農(nong)、綠色興農(nong)，提升產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)價值鏈(lian)，進行了諸多(duo)有益探(tan)索。

　　依托農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)特色(se)資源，做好“土特產(chan)(chan)”文(wen)章。各(ge)地(di)圍繞(rao)具(ju)有(you)優勢的農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，建(jian)(jian)設現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)園(yuan)、優勢特色(se)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)集群、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)強鎮(zhen)等(deng)，推進標準化(hua)生產(chan)(chan)和深(shen)加(jia)工(gong)，加(jia)強品(pin)牌建(jian)(jian)設和營銷，帶動農(nong)(nong)(nong)民增(zeng)收。2023年，有(you)關部門(men)聚焦重要農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)和特色(se)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，支持21項(xiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)領域農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)行業(ye)標準立(li)項(xiang)，引(yin)導各(ge)地(di)提升(sheng)建(jian)(jian)設1600個農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)加(jia)工(gong)園(yuan)。據(ju)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)部數(shu)據(ju)，2023年我(wo)國(guo)新建(jian)(jian)50個國(guo)家(jia)現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)園(yuan)、40個優勢特色(se)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)集群、200個農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)強鎮(zhen)。

　　例如，吉林省(sheng)(sheng)推(tui)進玉米水稻、雜糧雜豆、果蔬等產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)群建設(she)，創建國家級(ji)現代農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)等，加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)推(tui)動農(nong)村一二三產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融合(he)發展(zhan)。陜西省(sheng)(sheng)榆林市靖(jing)邊縣以農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)建設(she)促(cu)進鄉村產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)。建設(she)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)能有效整(zheng)合(he)資源，提高生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營集(ji)約化程度，培育和(he)壯大種養業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)加(jia)(jia)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，引導傳統農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)向(xiang)更高效的(de)特色產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉型升(sheng)級(ji)。靖(jing)邊縣龍洲鎮依(yi)托(tuo)優越的(de)自然景觀(guan)和(he)種植優質(zhi)小米的(de)傳統，通過鎮村共建，建成(cheng)農(nong)旅融合(he)小米產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)。農(nong)戶、農(nong)民(min)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)作社以及入園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)分別負責種植、收獲以及農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工銷售。除(chu)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)優質(zhi)小米，產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈還向(xiang)下游延伸，鍋(guo)巴(ba)、米粉等加(jia)(jia)工品(pin)已形成(cheng)品(pin)牌，得(de)到市場認可(ke)。

　　做強做優鄉(xiang)村(cun)產業(ye)(ye)，離不(bu)開社(she)會(hui)資(zi)本的支撐。農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)部編制年(nian)(nian)度《社(she)會(hui)資(zi)本投(tou)(tou)資(zi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)指(zhi)引》并指(zhi)導地方落(luo)實，《社(she)會(hui)資(zi)本投(tou)(tou)資(zi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)指(zhi)引（2022年(nian)(nian)）》聚焦鄉(xiang)村(cun)振興重(zhong)點領(ling)(ling)域(yu)，鼓勵社(she)會(hui)資(zi)本投(tou)(tou)向現代種養(yang)業(ye)(ye)、鄉(xiang)村(cun)富民產業(ye)(ye)、農(nong)(nong)產品加工流通(tong)業(ye)(ye)等(deng)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)。2023年(nian)(nian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)部預計，未來(lai)5到10年(nian)(nian)，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)需求近15萬億(yi)元。

　　山東省昌邑市的青阜(fu)農業公社是當(dang)(dang)地龍(long)頭(tou)企業、村集體(ti)(ti)以(yi)及多個農民專業合(he)(he)作(zuo)社合(he)(he)力推動(dong)的現代農業發(fa)展綜合(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)。在當(dang)(dang)地政(zheng)府(fu)支持下，綜合(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)先(xian)后(hou)投(tou)資(zi)上億元改(gai)造數萬畝鹽(yan)堿地，在生產(chan)機械設備上也投(tou)入(ru)(ru)超過1億元，大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提高了農業集約化水平。綜合(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)充分利(li)用糧食(shi)和飼草產(chan)量的優勢，擴大(da)(da)(da)面粉加工、肉牛養殖和屠宰加工，并有(you)效利(li)用秸稈、牛糞(fen)形(xing)成循環(huan)農業。村集體(ti)(ti)以(yi)入(ru)(ru)股的“四荒地”、蓄水灣塘分紅，農戶(hu)以(yi)承包地入(ru)(ru)股，農村勞動(dong)力還可進入(ru)(ru)園區務工，收入(ru)(ru)增(zeng)長(chang)明顯。

　　實現(xian)產業(ye)(ye)振興，還需(xu)激(ji)發(fa)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)內(nei)生動力(li)，我國(guo)近(jin)年來推(tui)動的(de)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)產權(quan)制(zhi)度改革(ge)是重(zhong)要抓手之一(yi)。海南省三亞市作為全國(guo)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)改革(ge)試驗區，不斷深化農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)產權(quan)制(zhi)度改革(ge)，通過整合(he)和盤(pan)活(huo)集體(ti)資源(yuan)，著力(li)打(da)造鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)主(zhu)導產業(ye)(ye)，推(tui)動集體(ti)經濟發(fa)展。崖州區崖城(cheng)村(cun)(cun)結合(he)四季可(ke)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)瓜果蔬(shu)菜的(de)天然優勢(shi)，發(fa)展大棚(peng)蔬(shu)菜及冬季瓜菜，經濟效(xiao)益顯著提升。該(gai)村(cun)(cun)整合(he)零散(san)閑置(zhi)土地，建(jian)設蔬(shu)菜種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)基地，并(bing)以自(zi)主(zhu)經營(ying)或集體(ti)資產入(ru)股等多種(zhong)(zhong)方式推(tui)進(jin)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產經營(ying)的(de)規模化和專業(ye)(ye)化，打(da)造特色蔬(shu)菜品(pin)牌，還帶(dai)動本村(cun)(cun)農(nong)戶就業(ye)(ye)。

　　產業(ye)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)非(fei)一日之功，總體(ti)來看，還有一些發展障礙需要破(po)除。一是針對土地和(he)資(zi)金(jin)的(de)約(yue)束，可通過體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)新盤活農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)閑置的(de)資(zi)產資(zi)源(yuan)，撬動(dong)社會資(zi)本(ben)。二是在破(po)解人(ren)(ren)才匱(kui)乏(fa)的(de)問題上，繼(ji)續(xu)鼓勵返鄉人(ren)(ren)才創(chuang)新創(chuang)業(ye)，著力培育鄉村(cun)(cun)產業(ye)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)帶頭人(ren)(ren)。農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)部實施鄉村(cun)(cun)產業(ye)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)帶頭人(ren)(ren)培育“頭雁(yan)”項目(mu)，不斷為鄉村(cun)(cun)產業(ye)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)夯實人(ren)(ren)才基礎。三是不斷探索(suo)和(he)優化(hua)利益聯結(jie)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，擴大勞動(dong)就業(ye)機(ji)(ji)會，讓農(nong)民(min)共享(xiang)發展成果。同時，進一步培育和(he)打造品牌，發揮示范效(xiao)應，輻射帶動(dong)鄉村(cun)(cun)產業(ye)發展。

　　農村創新創業推動要素高效配置

　　推進農村創新創業的成效如何？怎樣進一步提高農村創新創業活力？

　　王春春（南京農(nong)(nong)業(ye)大學(xue)黨委書(shu)記(ji)）：近年(nian)(nian)來，我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)創(chuang)(chuang)新創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)蓬勃發(fa)(fa)展，有(you)(you)力(li)推動鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)振興(xing)和農(nong)(nong)民增收致富(fu)。返鄉(xiang)(xiang)入鄉(xiang)(xiang)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)人員數(shu)量(liang)不斷攀升，涌現出一批有(you)(you)情懷、懂技術(shu)、善(shan)經營、會管理的(de)(de)“新農(nong)(nong)人”和農(nong)(nong)村(cun)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)優秀帶頭(tou)人，具有(you)(you)較高(gao)學(xue)歷(li)的(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)者逐漸(jian)成(cheng)為一二(er)三(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)融(rong)合發(fa)(fa)展、農(nong)(nong)村(cun)電商、高(gao)端農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品種(zhong)養等領(ling)域的(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)主體。國(guo)家統計局數(shu)據顯示，2022年(nian)(nian)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)及相關產(chan)(chan)業(ye)增加(jia)值達195692億元，占國(guo)內生產(chan)(chan)總(zong)值的(de)(de)比重(zhong)為16.24%，總(zong)量(liang)和比重(zhong)較上年(nian)(nian)均有(you)(you)所提(ti)高(gao)。

　　農村創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)利于各類要素高(gao)效(xiao)配置，助力(li)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新鏈(lian)、人才(cai)鏈(lian)有(you)效(xiao)融(rong)合。近年來(lai)，《國(guo)務(wu)院關于促進(jin)鄉(xiang)村產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)振興的(de)(de)指導意見(jian)》《關于深(shen)入實(shi)施農村創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)帶(dai)頭人培(pei)育(yu)(yu)行(xing)動(dong)的(de)(de)意見(jian)》等(deng)(deng)政(zheng)策出(chu)臺，推進(jin)實(shi)施鄉(xiang)村就業(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)促進(jin)行(xing)動(dong)，并明確培(pei)育(yu)(yu)重點，強化(hua)政(zheng)策扶持，加強創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)培(pei)訓，優化(hua)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)服(fu)務(wu)等(deng)(deng)，對相(xiang)關支持舉措作出(chu)具體部(bu)署。在政(zheng)策支持下(xia)，各地著力(li)推進(jin)農村創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，積極進(jin)行(xing)基層實(shi)踐，探索(suo)出(chu)特色產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)拉動(dong)型(xing)、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)合創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新驅動(dong)型(xing)、返鄉(xiang)下(xia)鄉(xiang)能人帶(dai)動(dong)型(xing)、龍頭骨干企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)帶(dai)動(dong)型(xing)等(deng)(deng)模(mo)式(shi)，極大豐富了鄉(xiang)村產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展實(shi)踐。這(zhe)些模(mo)式(shi)是產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新鏈(lian)、人才(cai)鏈(lian)融(rong)合在不同(tong)地區的(de)(de)表現，可(ke)概(gai)括(kuo)為以下(xia)方面。

　　一(yi)是以(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)業鏈(lian)帶(dai)動創新鏈(lian)和(he)(he)人才(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)。各(ge)地立足不(bu)同的(de)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦與產(chan)(chan)業基礎(chu)，以(yi)(yi)園(yuan)區為載體，推動產(chan)(chan)業融合(he)發展和(he)(he)全產(chan)(chan)業鏈(lian)優(you)化(hua)升(sheng)級，引導(dao)創新資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)人才(cai)(cai)向產(chan)(chan)業園(yuan)區匯聚，形成一(yi)批有(you)自(zi)主知識產(chan)(chan)權(quan)的(de)產(chan)(chan)品和(he)(he)種質(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，促進新品種、新技術、新裝備(bei)加快應用。產(chan)(chan)業園(yuan)區與科研(yan)院(yuan)(yuan)所開展合(he)作，共建(jian)產(chan)(chan)業技術研(yan)究院(yuan)(yuan)，開展技術研(yan)究，促進科技成果(guo)轉(zhuan)化(hua)，產(chan)(chan)業發展有(you)效帶(dai)動科技創新和(he)(he)人才(cai)(cai)培養(yang)。

　　二(er)是以(yi)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)鏈(lian)推(tui)動(dong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)和創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)鏈(lian)。通過(guo)涉(she)農人(ren)(ren)才(cai)的培養(yang)，為鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)注入活力。2023年(nian)，鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)振(zhen)興(xing)帶頭(tou)人(ren)(ren)培育“頭(tou)雁”項目，進一步(bu)向國家鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)重點幫扶縣傾(qing)斜，共培育“頭(tou)雁”約1.8萬人(ren)(ren)，有效促進農村(cun)(cun)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)。在創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)推(tui)動(dong)下(xia)，各地(di)依托特(te)(te)色(se)農業(ye)(ye)資源(yuan)，合理(li)利用科技等(deng)現(xian)代(dai)要(yao)素(su)，面向市場需求(qiu)，培育和發(fa)展(zhan)有鄉(xiang)(xiang)土特(te)(te)色(se)的農產(chan)品區域(yu)公用品牌，不斷提高鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)活力和創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能力。同時，以(yi)賽事激發(fa)大學生返鄉(xiang)(xiang)入鄉(xiang)(xiang)投身農村(cun)(cun)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)的熱情，相關賽事越(yue)來越(yue)重視(shi)與鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)等(deng)相結合。

　　三(san)是以創(chuang)新(xin)鏈(lian)撬(qiao)動(dong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)和(he)人(ren)才(cai)鏈(lian)。不(bu)少科(ke)(ke)研院(yuan)所等創(chuang)新(xin)主(zhu)體主(zhu)動(dong)對(dui)接產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)需(xu)求，并以產(chan)(chan)教融合(he)來(lai)優(you)化人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)。以南京農(nong)業(ye)(ye)大學(xue)與(yu)江蘇省興化市合(he)作為例，雙方搭(da)建農(nong)業(ye)(ye)科(ke)(ke)技平臺，精準培(pei)(pei)育(yu)符合(he)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)需(xu)求的“新(xin)農(nong)人(ren)”，助力(li)興化市在水(shui)稻、河(he)蟹(xie)等優(you)勢產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)方面取得明顯成效。近(jin)年來(lai)，部分涉(she)農(nong)高校積(ji)極推進(jin)科(ke)(ke)技小院(yuan)等人(ren)才(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)模式，服務農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村發展，培(pei)(pei)養(yang)了一批(pi)高質量農(nong)村創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)才(cai)。

　　我國農(nong)村創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)已(yi)取得明顯進(jin)(jin)步(bu)，但(dan)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)比較效益偏低(di)，產(chan)業(ye)(ye)需求與(yu)科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)、人才(cai)(cai)培養的融合(he)度有待提高(gao)等問題仍(reng)需關注。為進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)提高(gao)農(nong)村創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)活力，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面，繼續加(jia)強對(dui)農(nong)村創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)重要性的認(ren)識，給予長(chang)期穩定(ding)的政策支持；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面，完善農(nong)村創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)體制機制，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)打(da)通產(chan)學(xue)研壁壘，發揮高(gao)校在打(da)造產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)、創(chuang)新(xin)鏈(lian)、人才(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)融合(he)平臺中的作(zuo)用，以更大力度促進(jin)(jin)人才(cai)(cai)、科(ke)技(ji)、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)在農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村領域的有效結合(he)。

　　為鄉村全面振興注入新動能

　　鄉村新產業新業態目前發展情況怎樣？

　　賈(jia)偉（中國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)科學院農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經濟與(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)研究所研究員）：鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)內涵豐富、類型多樣，各地依(yi)托農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)特色資源，開發(fa)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)多種功能、挖掘鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)多元價值，促進一(yi)二(er)三產業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)合發(fa)展(zhan)。鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)休閑旅(lv)游和農(nong)村(cun)電商(shang)等新產業(ye)(ye)(ye)新業(ye)(ye)(ye)態，在一(yi)系(xi)列利(li)好政策支持下實現快速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)，助(zhu)力推進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)全面(mian)振興，有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)推動(dong)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)增效(xiao)(xiao)、農(nong)村(cun)增美、農(nong)民增收。

　　我國(guo)實施休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)和鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村旅游(you)(you)精品工程，培育美麗休閑(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村、鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村旅游(you)(you)重點村，創建(jian)休閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)示范縣(xian)等，鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村休閑(xian)(xian)旅游(you)(you)快速發展。數(shu)據顯(xian)示，2022年鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村休閑(xian)(xian)旅游(you)(you)營(ying)業(ye)收入超(chao)7000億元，從業(ye)人數(shu)1100萬(wan)以(yi)上，鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村休閑(xian)(xian)旅游(you)(you)帶動約900萬(wan)農(nong)戶(hu)發展。

　　休閑農(nong)業(ye)以農(nong)業(ye)生產、農(nong)村(cun)風貌、農(nong)家生活(huo)、鄉村(cun)文化為基礎，開(kai)發(fa)農(nong)業(ye)與(yu)農(nong)村(cun)多種(zhong)功(gong)能，提(ti)供休閑觀光、農(nong)事參與(yu)和(he)農(nong)家體(ti)驗等服務(wu)。2023年(nian)農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)部認定60個(ge)縣（市、區(qu)）為全國休閑農(nong)業(ye)重點(dian)縣，推(tui)介256個(ge)村(cun)落為中國美麗休閑鄉村(cun)。

　　各地大力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)旅游(you)(you)，鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅游(you)(you)復蘇(su)(su)勢(shi)頭強勁。《攜程鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅游(you)(you)振(zhen)興(xing)白皮書（2023）》顯示，2023年(nian)攜程平臺鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)宿供給量(liang)創(chuang)(chuang)造了5年(nian)以來最高增(zeng)長。江(jiang)蘇(su)(su)省(sheng)2023年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)綜合(he)收入(ru)1077.8億(yi)元，游(you)(you)客接待量(liang)達4.1億(yi)人次(ci)，同(tong)比分別增(zeng)長18.83%、16.67%。2023年(nian)遼寧省(sheng)著力(li)推動休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)等(deng)新業(ye)態發(fa)展(zhan)，重(zhong)點(dian)推介(jie)8個中國(guo)美麗(li)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)、23條精品(pin)景點(dian)線路，休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)和鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅游(you)(you)接待游(you)(you)客5355萬人次(ci)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長43%。河(he)北(bei)省(sheng)廊坊市圍繞建設(she)京津第一(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)空間目標(biao)，打(da)(da)造休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)集群，休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)從業(ye)人數約(yue)3萬人。四川省(sheng)都江(jiang)堰市培(pei)育(yu)田(tian)園文創(chuang)(chuang)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)耕體驗、鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)宿，打(da)(da)造七里(li)詩鄉(xiang)(xiang)等(deng)沉浸式(shi)、體驗式(shi)消費場景，擁(yong)有(you)“三江(jiang)里(li)弄文創(chuang)(chuang)產(chan)業(ye)帶”“花蕊故里(li)文化體驗帶”等(deng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)新地標(biao)，休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)為鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)注入(ru)新動能。重(zhong)慶市酉陽土家族(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)自治縣(xian)花田(tian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)何家巖村(cun)(cun)盤活閑(xian)(xian)(xian)置資源，將(jiang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)宿、鄉(xiang)(xiang)游(you)(you)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)娛等(deng)業(ye)態嵌入(ru)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶，建設(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)家餐廳、高端民(min)(min)宿、無人便利店(dian)、咖啡廳等(deng)，打(da)(da)造復合(he)型鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)新業(ye)態。

　　2024年(nian)(nian)中央一(yi)號文件提出，實(shi)施農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)電商(shang)高質量發展(zhan)工程，推(tui)進縣域電商(shang)直播基(ji)地建(jian)設，發展(zhan)鄉(xiang)村(cun)土(tu)特產網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)銷(xiao)售。近年(nian)(nian)來，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)電商(shang)活力十足。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)覆(fu)蓋和基(ji)礎(chu)設施建(jian)設改善，使得農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)電商(shang)發展(zhan)迅速，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)銷(xiao)售額(e)(e)增多。2023年(nian)(nian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)零售額(e)(e)達2.49萬(wan)億元，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)零售額(e)(e)達0.59萬(wan)億元。

　　農(nong)村(cun)(cun)電(dian)商基(ji)礎設施不斷完(wan)善。第52次(ci)《中國互聯網絡發展(zhan)狀況統計報(bao)告》顯示(shi)，截至(zhi)2023年6月，我國農(nong)村(cun)(cun)地(di)區互聯網普及率為60.5%，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)網民規模達3.01億人。農(nong)產品電(dian)商發展(zhan)有(you)效助(zhu)力(li)當地(di)經濟發展(zhan)。例如，安徽(hui)省碭山縣搶抓國家電(dian)子商務(wu)進農(nong)村(cun)(cun)綜合示(shi)范縣創建機遇(yu)，大力(li)扶持本土電(dian)商品牌，通過“電(dian)商+直播(bo)”等(deng)方式(shi)，打好“互聯網+水(shui)果”特色牌。

　　在鄉村(cun)(cun)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)取得發(fa)展(zhan)成效的同(tong)時，也要看到(dao)，鄉村(cun)(cun)休(xiu)閑(xian)旅游產品結構還(huan)顯單一，軟硬件設施建(jian)(jian)設水平也相對較低，農村(cun)(cun)電商物流(liu)(liu)等(deng)基礎設施建(jian)(jian)設有待(dai)進一步完善(shan)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)融(rong)合營(ying)(ying)銷運營(ying)(ying)、倉儲(chu)物流(liu)(liu)、人才培(pei)育(yu)、金融(rong)支持(chi)等(deng)多(duo)個環節(jie)，在農村(cun)(cun)地區(qu)更新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)升(sheng)(sheng)級難度較大，可在因地制(zhi)宜(yi)培(pei)育(yu)和發(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)的基礎上，繼續強(qiang)(qiang)化財政、土(tu)地、金融(rong)、保(bao)險(xian)等(deng)一攬子政策(ce)支撐。以(yi)科技賦能增強(qiang)(qiang)市場(chang)競爭力，將科技、數字技術(shu)等(deng)要素(su)融(rong)入鄉村(cun)(cun)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)發(fa)展(zhan)，并注重人才引育(yu)并舉，提升(sheng)(sheng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)可持(chi)續運營(ying)(ying)能力。（本(ben)文來源(yuan)：經(jing)濟日報）