【科學隨筆】

　　作者(zhe)：林德(de)明?楊中楷（均(jun)系大連(lian)理(li)工大學(xue)公共管理(li)學(xue)院(yuan)教授）

　　1月(yue)19日，充分“國家工程師獎(jiang)”表彰大(da)會在北京人(ren)民大(da)會堂舉行。釋(shi)放這一獎(jiang)項(xiang)的工程出臺可(ke)謂正當其(qi)時。

　　我國擁有龐大的科技工程科技人才隊伍，但如此巨大的紅利人才規模，以及完備雄厚的充分工(gong)業基礎并沒有(you)將我(wo)國的工(gong)程科技人才紅利充(chong)分(fen)釋放。筆者認為，釋放主要存在三(san)方(fang)面問題：

　　一是工程現(xian)有工程科(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才層次、領域、科(ke)技(ji)(ji)空間的紅(hong)利底數(shu)刻畫不夠清晰，層次結(jie)構(gou)不夠合理，充分(fen)缺少發揮定海(hai)神針作用的釋(shi)放核(he)心領軍人(ren)物。截至2023年底，工程我國有中(zhong)國科(ke)學院院士873人(ren)，科(ke)技(ji)(ji)中(zhong)國工程院院士978人(ren)，紅(hong)利且主要集中(zhong)在大城市和(he)發達(da)地區。

　　二是工程科(ke)技人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才的(de)空間(jian)(jian)布(bu)局不均衡，高(gao)水平城市存(cun)在明顯的(de)“虹吸效應(ying)”，區域(yu)間(jian)(jian)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才流動仍(reng)存(cun)在體制機制障礙。以2022年以來專(zhuan)利發明人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)量為例，廣(guang)東省(sheng)發明人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)最多，為433831人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，其次是江蘇(su)省(sheng)，為402965人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，而西部比(bi)較發達(da)的(de)四川省(sheng)僅(jin)有106823人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，陜西省(sheng)也僅(jin)有77078人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。

　　三是人才鏈產業鏈之間存在相互脫節現象，高校在人才培養環節中占主體地位，工程科技人才的培養和開發對產業發展的前瞻性、針對性不強，市場在人力資源配置中沒有發揮好引導作用，致使部分領域供需矛盾較大，特別是從事基礎材料、基礎工藝(yi)、基礎設(she)計的工程技術人(ren)才可持(chi)續供給不足(zu)。

　　工(gong)程科技人才紅利的(de)(de)充分釋(shi)放是(shi)以人才梯(ti)隊的(de)(de)系(xi)統結(jie)構為基礎的(de)(de)。如果(guo)將工(gong)程科技人才視為一個系(xi)統，則在系(xi)統內可以劃分為青年工(gong)程科技人才、中(zhong)堅科技人才和(he)(he)戰略科技人才三個層次。在政策變量(liang)和(he)(he)環境變量(liang)的(de)(de)作用下，每一位工(gong)程科技人才作為系(xi)統中(zhong)的(de)(de)要素，不同層次之間(jian)相(xiang)互配合、相(xiang)互學習(xi)、相(xiang)互轉換，通過微觀到(dao)宏觀的(de)(de)系(xi)統涌(yong)現(xian)，實現(xian)工(gong)程科技人才整體的(de)(de)系(xi)統功能。

　　從(cong)更高的(de)視野(ye)來看(kan)，工程(cheng)科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、區(qu)域創新系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、產(chan)業系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)三(san)者間形成(cheng)“雙循環”結構。一(yi)方面，區(qu)域創新系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)通過高校培(pei)養(yang)出(chu)青(qing)年(nian)工程(cheng)科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)輸(shu)送(song)到產(chan)業系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)年(nian)工程(cheng)科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)在產(chan)業系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中不(bu)斷(duan)學習成(cheng)長為中堅科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)和(he)戰略(lve)科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)，進而為區(qu)域創新系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)提供有力(li)的(de)支撐(cheng)。另一(yi)方面，區(qu)域創新系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)培(pei)養(yang)出(chu)中堅科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)和(he)戰略(lve)科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)，引領產(chan)業系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)發展(zhan)，并利用產(chan)業系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進一(yi)步(bu)培(pei)養(yang)出(chu)優秀的(de)青(qing)年(nian)工程(cheng)科(ke)技人才(cai)(cai)，服務于區(qu)域創新系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

　　在筆者(zhe)看來(lai)，我國(guo)應在工(gong)程(cheng)科技人(ren)才梯隊建設、區域(yu)布局和(he)產業鏈(lian)融合三個方面進一步提高(gao)完善(shan)，以充分釋放工(gong)程(cheng)科技人(ren)才紅利。

　　首先(xian)，加強(qiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)梯(ti)(ti)隊(dui)建設。打造以(yi)(yi)戰略工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)、中堅工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)、青年工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)梯(ti)(ti)隊(dui)。在結構(gou)上，以(yi)(yi)戰略工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“塔(ta)尖”，代表著工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)的(de)最(zui)高水平；以(yi)(yi)中堅工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“塔(ta)身(shen)”，這是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)的(de)骨干(gan)力量；以(yi)(yi)青年科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“塔(ta)基(ji)”，構(gou)筑起工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)隊(dui)伍(wu)(wu)的(de)雄(xiong)厚基(ji)礎(chu)，進而針對不同(tong)類型(xing)、不同(tong)階(jie)段的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)特(te)點進行培養、開(kai)發、使用，形成梯(ti)(ti)度鮮(xian)明、分布合理的(de)“金字塔(ta)”結構(gou)。

　　在(zai)分(fen)工(gong)上，以兩院(yuan)院(yuan)士(shi)等(deng)戰略工(gong)程科(ke)技人才(cai)為“頭雁(yan)”，發揮謀篇(pian)布局(ju)、指(zhi)引方向的(de)(de)重要作用(yong)，以卓越(yue)工(gong)程師、高層次領(ling)軍人才(cai)等(deng)中(zhong)堅工(gong)程科(ke)技人才(cai)為“主(zhu)力(li)軍”，在(zai)重大(da)(da)科(ke)技任務中(zhong)發揮挑大(da)(da)梁、帶隊伍的(de)(de)核(he)心作用(yong)；以青年工(gong)程科(ke)技人才(cai)為“生(sheng)力(li)軍”，在(zai)工(gong)程科(ke)技一線(xian)沖鋒陷陣，形成層次分(fen)明、協調有序的(de)(de)“雁(yan)陣模式”。同時，圍繞梯隊建設完善工(gong)程科(ke)技人才(cai)的(de)(de)分(fen)類評價機制，激發各層次人才(cai)的(de)(de)積極(ji)性和(he)創造(zao)力(li)，以實現人才(cai)資(zi)源的(de)(de)最大(da)(da)化利用(yong)。

　　其次(ci)，優化工(gong)(gong)程科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技人才(cai)的(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)布(bu)(bu)局。在北(bei)京、上海、深(shen)圳三個(ge)高度發(fa)展的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)教(jiao)資(zi)源(yuan)密集(ji)型城市(shi)打(da)造世界(jie)工(gong)(gong)程科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技人才(cai)中(zhong)心，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)上海實(shi)現與國際金融中(zhong)心相符合的(de)全球工(gong)(gong)程科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技人才(cai)資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)置功能(neng)，將深(shen)圳建設成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)面向未來產(chan)業的(de)現代化世界(jie)工(gong)(gong)程科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技人才(cai)中(zhong)心，從而帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)全國加(jia)快(kuai)形成(cheng)(cheng)人才(cai)資(zi)源(yuan)競爭(zheng)優勢。分別將蘇(su)錫常寧都市(shi)圈、廣(guang)佛都市(shi)圈、武漢、成(cheng)(cheng)渝(yu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、西安、沈大經(jing)濟(ji)走廊打(da)造為(wei)華(hua)東(dong)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、華(hua)南地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、華(hua)中(zhong)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、西南地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、西北(bei)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、東(dong)北(bei)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)人才(cai)中(zhong)心，輻射帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)周圍地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)均衡(heng)發(fa)展。推(tui)動(dong)(dong)高校和科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)研院(yuan)所在空(kong)間上合理均衡(heng)布(bu)(bu)局，加(jia)強區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)之間資(zi)源(yuan)共享。通過政策協同(tong)、合作共贏、文化交流，共同(tong)營造開放多元的(de)社會氛圍，激(ji)發(fa)工(gong)(gong)程科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技人才(cai)跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)流通的(de)活力。

　　再次，推(tui)動(dong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)與(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)深(shen)度融合。堅持(chi)全局性(xing)謀劃、系統(tong)性(xing)布局、整(zheng)體(ti)性(xing)推(tui)進，實現(xian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)與(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)規劃統(tong)籌布局、與(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)需求(qiu)準(zhun)確匹配、與(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展同頻共(gong)振，圍(wei)繞產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)構建(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)，以人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)賦能產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)。圍(wei)繞產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)構建(jian)多(duo)(duo)層次的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)體(ti)系，明確企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)使用(yong)開發工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)中的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei)，“以才(cai)(cai)(cai)帶產(chan)(chan)(chan)，以產(chan)(chan)(chan)引才(cai)(cai)(cai)，以產(chan)(chan)(chan)促(cu)才(cai)(cai)(cai)”。參(can)照“產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)主(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)”，推(tui)行“人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)主(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)”，支持(chi)高(gao)校與(yu)(yu)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)領(ling)(ling)軍(jun)型的(de)(de)“鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)主(zhu)(zhu)”企(qi)業(ye)(ye)合作(zuo)，設(she)立一批學科類工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)基地，作(zuo)為人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)“鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)主(zhu)(zhu)”。依(yi)托“人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)主(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)”，促(cu)進工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)供(gong)給(gei)側(ce)和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)需求(qiu)側(ce)結(jie)構要素全方位(wei)融合。鼓勵重點產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)軍(jun)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)參(can)與(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)“鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)主(zhu)(zhu)”建(jian)設(she)，激勵學術團體(ti)等社會力量參(can)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)和(he)開發，推(tui)動(dong)形成多(duo)(duo)元主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)協同的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)雙(shuang)循環。進一步優化人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)成長環境(jing)，探索工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)早期發現(xian)和(he)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，精準(zhun)對接人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)與(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)。加快完善工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)流動(dong)的(de)(de)市(shi)場機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)及競爭機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，構建(jian)統(tong)一、有序的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)大市(shi)場。

　　《日報》（2024年(nian)02月08日?16版）