作者：霍學喜（西北農林科技大學西部發展研究院執行院長）

　　經過長期的強化農業防災減災體系建設，我國在農業基礎設施建設、農業防災減災技術進步、基礎建設基本應急管理體系完善、設施制度化救災保障體系創新、強化國家糧食與安全儲備等方面取得顯著成效，農業百姓彩票有效保障了國(guo)家糧食(shi)及重(zhong)要農產品(pin)安(an)全。基礎建設基本

　　農業作為國家重要的設施基礎產業，具有產業化程度不高、強化綜合競爭力不強、農業綠色可持續發展能力偏低等特點，基礎建設基本以及區域農業資源類型多樣、設施農業生態環境復雜、強化產業分工加快但制度化協作機制建設存在短板、農業百姓彩票最新網址基礎設施建設水平參差不齊和發展保障能力差異大等問題。基礎建設基本此外，農業發展還面臨較為嚴重的洪澇、冰雹、干旱、凍害、干熱風、病蟲害等風險，成為維護國家糧食安全及重要農產品供給、農業可持續發展以及農民增收致富的主要障礙。因此，加強農業基礎設施建設，具有戰略性、百姓彩票前瞻性和針對性，將切實(shi)提升(sheng)我國農(nong)業防災(zai)減災(zai)救(jiu)災(zai)能(neng)力與水平。

　　強化農(nong)(nong)業(ye)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)施建設(she)是提(ti)升(sheng)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)防災減災救(jiu)災能力與水平的(de)(de)基本(ben)路徑和(he)重要手段。但需要清晰認(ren)識和(he)深刻把握農(nong)(nong)業(ye)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)施、防災減災體系建設(she)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)性載體是4種類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)資源，即農(nong)(nong)業(ye)用(yong)地、林業(ye)用(yong)地、草原草場以及(ji)內河、湖泊及(ji)近海等漁業(ye)資源。圍繞有效開(kai)發、科(ke)學(xue)賦能、產能提(ti)升(sheng)、綠色(se)保(bao)護(hu)等構建環節，與時(shi)俱(ju)進強化農(nong)(nong)業(ye)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)施建設(she)這一“立農(nong)(nong)”之本(ben)。

　　保(bao)障糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)和重要農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品穩(wen)定安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)供給是提升農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)防災減災救災能(neng)(neng)力與水(shui)平(ping)的(de)目的(de)，也是建(jian)設農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)強(qiang)國的(de)頭(tou)等大(da)(da)事。一(yi)是在(zai)有效保(bao)護(hu)4種類型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎(chu)(chu)資(zi)源(yuan)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)基礎(chu)(chu)上，確(que)保(bao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用地(di)、基本農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田用途(tu)的(de)合理規劃，將18億(yi)畝(mu)基本農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田全(quan)(quan)(quan)部建(jian)成(cheng)高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田，夯(hang)實農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產能(neng)(neng)力和糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)體系(xi)(xi)。二是補齊土壤改良和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田排灌設施短(duan)板(ban)，在(zai)統(tong)籌推進高(gao)(gao)效節(jie)水(shui)灌溉基礎(chu)(chu)上，健全(quan)(quan)(quan)高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田數(shu)量(liang)、質量(liang)及(ji)(ji)生(sheng)態(tai)“三(san)位一(yi)體”的(de)長效管護(hu)機制，賦予高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田新動(dong)能(neng)(neng)，進而賦能(neng)(neng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)高(gao)(gao)質量(liang)發展(zhan)及(ji)(ji)有效保(bao)障國家糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)。三(san)是樹立大(da)(da)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)觀，并以之為引領，支持(chi)樹立大(da)(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)源(yuan)觀和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)觀，多途(tu)徑開(kai)發食(shi)(shi)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)，構建(jian)多元化的(de)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)生(sheng)產與供給體系(xi)(xi)。因此(ci)，應基于區域(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、省域(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和食(shi)(shi)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)稟賦，適(shi)時啟動(dong)高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)林(lin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用地(di)、高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)草原及(ji)(ji)畜牧業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)用地(di)，以及(ji)(ji)高(gao)(gao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)湖泊(bo)、內河(he)及(ji)(ji)近海(hai)體系(xi)(xi)建(jian)設，構建(jian)有效落實大(da)(da)食(shi)(shi)物(wu)觀的(de)載體制度(du)和體系(xi)(xi)。

　　水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業的(de)(de)命脈。實踐證明，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是(shi)(shi)有效(xiao)應(ying)對洪澇、干旱和(he)(he)其他極(ji)端氣象災(zai)害的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，是(shi)(shi)跨農(nong)(nong)(nong)業區(qu)域(yu)調(diao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)、分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)戰略性(xing)基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，因而持續強(qiang)化(hua)、創新改(gai)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)田水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)在提升農(nong)(nong)(nong)業防災(zai)減災(zai)救(jiu)災(zai)能(neng)力與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平、保(bao)障國(guo)家糧食安全(quan)(quan)工作中具有特(te)(te)殊重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)。需要(yao)(yao)更加重(zhong)視(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)跨區(qu)域(yu)的(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)、特(te)(te)大(da)型(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐工程(cheng)，以便實施(shi)跨區(qu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)調(diao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)和(he)(he)匹配(pei)(pei)(pei)。從高(gao)質量維護(hu)國(guo)家糧食安全(quan)(quan)視(shi)(shi)角，需要(yao)(yao)強(qiang)化(hua)3種類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)：一是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)視(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)大(da)江(jiang)大(da)河(he)治理型(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業區(qu)域(yu)間水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)調(diao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)型(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，二是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)視(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)，特(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)升級(ji)田間“灌溉(gai)”與(yu)“排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)”設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)保(bao)障功能(neng)，三是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)視(shi)(shi)先進灌溉(gai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)尤其是(shi)(shi)數字化(hua)技術賦能(neng)高(gao)效(xiao)率(lv)、高(gao)質量、精準化(hua)的(de)(de)灌溉(gai)體系建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)。

　　農(nong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)強勁支(zhi)撐(cheng)。與農(nong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發達國(guo)家相比(bi)，現階段(duan)我國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研究、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)還(huan)存(cun)在諸多(duo)短板。具體(ti)表現為涉農(nong)生(sheng)命科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)物工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、涉農(nong)信息(xi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)字(zi)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)差距較小；涉農(nong)材料科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、環(huan)(huan)境科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)環(huan)(huan)境工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、涉農(nong)發展科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研究及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發展政策創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)差距較大(da)。因此，需要(yao)系統升(sheng)級和強化農(nong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)。著眼全球農(nong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)競爭格局及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)障國(guo)家糧食安全戰(zhan)略需要(yao)，我國(guo)需要(yao)重視創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)和推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)10項關鍵技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)：一是(shi)數(shu)字(zi)化技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)賦(fu)能農(nong)村“三產”融合(he)發展的(de)模(mo)(mo)式創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與設(she)計(ji)；二是(shi)農(nong)田基礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)農(nong)地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境優化治理技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)；三是(shi)依托農(nong)地(di)“三權(quan)分置(zhi)”改(gai)革和農(nong)村資源“三變”改(gai)革，創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)適度規模(mo)(mo)經(jing)營農(nong)戶、家庭農(nong)場的(de)規劃與設(she)計(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)；四(si)是(shi)數(shu)字(zi)化農(nong)業(ye)裝備創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)省(sheng)力化技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)；五(wu)是(shi)高效、低毒、低殘留的(de)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)投入品(pin)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)；六是(shi)生(sheng)物科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)支(zhi)撐(cheng)的(de)高抗性品(pin)種技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)品(pin)種推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)；七是(shi)保(bao)護性耕作、草原放(fang)牧(mu)可持續(xu)模(mo)(mo)式創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)；八是(shi)農(nong)產品(pin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)食品(pin)儲運、加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)集成及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)供應(ying)鏈技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)；九(jiu)是(shi)農(nong)業(ye)—食品(pin)產業(ye)融合(he)模(mo)(mo)式創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)推(tui)(tui)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)；十是(shi)農(nong)村人力資本投資模(mo)(mo)式創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)及(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)職業(ye)農(nong)民培養體(ti)系創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。

　　農(nong)業(ye)綠色可持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展體(ti)系(xi)(xi)建(jian)設是支(zhi)撐(cheng)農(nong)業(ye)防災減災的綜合性(xing)(xing)基礎性(xing)(xing)工程，必須重視支(zhi)撐(cheng)農(nong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展環境持(chi)續(xu)改善及綠色高質量發(fa)(fa)展的農(nong)田基礎設施(shi)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)建(jian)設。鑒于農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境問題治(zhi)理的極其(qi)復雜(za)性(xing)(xing)，需(xu)要借助物(wu)聯網、云(yun)計算(suan)和(he)(he)大數據技術賦能，建(jian)設精準化(hua)、智能化(hua)的農(nong)業(ye)綠色發(fa)(fa)展和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境保護檢測評(ping)估體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，建(jian)成高效率檢測和(he)(he)高質量管控土壤質量、水(shui)源水(shui)質污染、農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)和(he)(he)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)污染治(zhi)理體(ti)系(xi)(xi)。制定(ding)嚴格(ge)的農(nong)業(ye)碳排放標準和(he)(he)監管措施(shi)，依(yi)托技術創新支(zhi)持(chi)農(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營主體(ti)減少使用化(hua)石(shi)能源，支(zhi)撐(cheng)農(nong)業(ye)綠色可持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展。

　　有(you)效應對(dui)世界百年未有(you)之大變局、切實提升農業防災(zai)減災(zai)救災(zai)能(neng)力(li)與(yu)水平，還需要科學測算(suan)國家(jia)(jia)糧食(shi)安(an)全(quan)儲備規模(mo)、結構及儲備體系的(de)區域布局格局，完善和升級國家(jia)(jia)糧食(shi)安(an)全(quan)儲備基(ji)礎設(she)施。健(jian)全(quan)國家(jia)(jia)糧食(shi)安(an)全(quan)保障基(ji)金，加大國家(jia)(jia)對(dui)糧食(shi)主(zhu)產區的(de)投(tou)入支持(chi)力(li)度，依(yi)托積極財稅(shui)政(zheng)策激勵(li)、引(yin)導涉糧企業投(tou)資糧食(shi)主(zhu)產區和建(jian)立制度化(hua)的(de)協作機制與(yu)模(mo)式。